India’s urbanisation was labelled as ‘messy’ and ‘hidden’ in a 2016 World Bank report. The ‘messiness’ arose out of the high demographic pressure exerted on urban space, infrastructure, basic services and a large percentage of urban residents living in slums. ‘Hidden’ urbanisation was apparently a consequence of the Census figures not reflecting the true size of India’s urbanisation. The Agglomeration Index, an alternative method used globally to measure urban concentration, put India’s urban population figure at 55.3 percent in 2010. However, the Census 2011 reported a mere 31.16 percent urbanisation.
https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/charter-city-development-model/
