Geostrategic environment (september 25, 2022)

Geostrategic thinking

All that is taken up here, in the complexity of open sources, does not necessarily reflect the opinion of The Global Eye

THINKING COMPLEX

We wrote in september 24’s thinking complex about the need to look at regional perspectives in international relations, overcoming the limitations of nation states without demeaning their interests.

We made the multilateral world politically unfeasible, a dream that never became a historical vision. Today, after the end of the bi-polar equilibrium, we find ourselves in the position of having to build a sustainable planetary architecture. We believe in the coexistence of bilateral relations (strategic dialogues continue, beyond mutual rhetoric) and multilateral relations in the regional sphere (coexistence we call multi-bi-lateralism). We believe, therefore, that the future of the world, in a framework of renewed geostrategic thinking (all to be built), lies in dialogue between macro-regions.

We cannot set international relations, a place that is neither neutral nor linear nor a-conflictual, on the separation between democracies and autocracies (while distinguishing between the different systems): the planetary systemic interrelationship does not allow this.

If we want to help draw the contours of a more pacified world, we can no longer continue with exasperated competition but must work intensively on the reasons for dialogue and not on those of mutual phobia and fear.

Macro-regions could become the laboratories of a renewed globalisation. Today is the right time to launch new geostrategic paths, precisely at a time when the world is showing its great difficulties.

There are no miracle recipes or possibilities to refound the world in antagonism. We need politics, both mediation-negotiation and vision. A first decisive step consists, within the framework of a progressive regionalisation of international relations, in working at the frontiers of passage of global processes in the territories.

The frontiers of passage are not the borders of nation states, which have in fact been overtaken by the planetarisation of historical phenomena (first and foremost the internet and the complex ‘cyber world’). Working in the frontiers of passage therefore means having the interests of the peoples living within state territories at heart. In this way, the idea of ‘national interest’ becomes living and vital, to be protected. To do this, we need to rethink the top-down globalisation model that, while it has guaranteed a way out of material poverty for millions of people, is proving incapable of governing the new complex world that is emerging. We need to move from a top-down and only competitive ‘globalisation’ to a competitive-cooperative ‘glocalisation’.

To conclude today’s brief reflection, the theme we are posing – and which we will develop – is: how to politically govern the necessary reorganisation of the planetary framework in the continuous and radical transformation of risk?

(by M.E.)

HIGHLIGHTED

  • Three years have passed since the fall of ISIS at Baghuz and still over 7,300 children from across 60 countries are detained in the al-Hol and Roj camps in north-east Syria, managed by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). It is also three years since two grandparents initiated proceedings against France for their unwillingness to repatriate their grandchildren and daughter. This week, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) finally delivered its judgment, concluding firstly that France cannot be held responsible for the inhumane conditions in the camps, secondly that there is no general right to repatriation, and thirdly that France had failed to ensure proper safeguards in its repatriation decision resulting in a procedural violation of the rights of the children to enter their own country. This split applicability of extra-territorial jurisdiction of human rights will resonate through the policies and have ramifications for the fate of many European children held in north-east Syria. September 16, 2022. Tanya Mehra LL.M, Matthew Wentworth, Abigail Thorley for ICCT (The European Court of Human Rights Sitting on the Fence?: Its Ruling and Impact on the Repatriation of European Children from North-East Syria)
  • States of Fragility 2022 arrives during an ‘age of crises’, where multiple, concurring crises are disproportionately affecting the 60 fragile contexts identified in this year’s report. Chief among these crises are COVID-19, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and climate change, with the root causes of multidimensional fragility playing a central role in shaping their scale and severity. The report outlines the state of fragility in 2022, reviews current responses to it, and presents options to guide better policies for better lives in fragile contexts. At the halfway point of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it is more critical than ever for development partners to focus on the furthest behind: the 1.9 billion people in fragile contexts that account for 24% of the world’s population but 73% of the world’s extreme poor. September 19, 2022. OECD (States of Fragility 2022)
  • Tax Policy Reforms 2022 describes recent tax reforms across 71 countries and jurisdictions, including all OECD members and selected members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. September 21, 2022. OECD (Tax policy is playing a key role in promoting economic recovery and responding to the energy price shock)
  • On July 14, Israel’s Prime Minister Yair Lapid, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the United Arab Emirates’ President Mohammed bin Zayed, and the United States’ President Joseph Biden met for the inaugural summit of the so-called I2U2 Group. Mohammed Soliman, Middle East Institute (The I2U2 needs an ambitious tech agenda)
  • The severe power shortages plaguing Lebanon are not only hitting homes and private institutions, but are also affecting major cultural centres and putting priceless exhibits at risk. September 25, 2022. Maghie Ghali, Al Jazeera (Daily blackouts put Lebanon’s ancient artefacts at risk)
  • China and India have called for a negotiated end to the Ukraine war at the United Nations, stopping well short of robust support for traditional ally Russia. September 25, 2022. Al Jazeera (China, India call for negotiated way out of Ukraine war)
  • The paper explores risks and mitigation efforts around data sharing for the humanitarian sector through a focus on the data sharing relationships involved in third-party monitoring. It provides insights into data sharing risks linked to the introduction of external, often private sector, organisations into the humanitarian ecosystem. It interrogates the nature and distribution of risk, data responsibility, and opportunities for mitigating risks and realising value through data sharing for the diverse stakeholders involved. The intention of this paper is to shed some light on a less-explored but important group of actors and processes of data sharing in the humanitarian sector. In doing so, it aims to highlight wider issues and propose recommendations that are applicable for the responsible sharing of data in the sector more generally. September 15, 2022. Somali Public Agenda (Data sharing and third-party monitoring in humanitarian response)
  • Last year, 1,936 objects were launched into space, up 50 per cent from 2020, according to the latest annual report of the United Nations Organization for Outer Space Activities (UNOOSA). September 12, 2022. ITU (ITU SpaceExplorer: Satellite frequency data at your fingertips)
  • ​An estimated 2.7 billion people – or one-third of the world’s population – remain unconnected to the Internet in 2022. September 16, 2022. ITU (Press Release)
  • From the perspective of international human rights law, the right to health is important with respect to the international COVAX vaccine-supply scheme. Although many States with sufficient resources have prioritized access to future vaccines through bilateral agreements with vaccine manufacturing companies over multilateral cooperation between States, it is almost universally believed that only multilateralism would enable the eventual eradication of COVID-19 from the world. September 16, 2022. Matsumoto Shoji, Policy Center for the New South (A Role for International Law in Containing COVID-19: The Right to Health)
  • Illicit arms and ammunition link conflict to crime as well as crime to conflict. Illicit arms can both enable and fuel an armed conflict, while different conflict phases provide opportunities for the diversion of arms and a potentially lucrative income source for organized arms trafficking networks. To date, there has been limited research examining the linkages between all three of these security challenges. September 14, 2022. UNIDIR (Addressing the Linkages Between Illicit Arms, Organized Crime and Armed Conflict)
  • Upon conclusion of the first meeting of the OEWG on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules, and Principles of Responsible Behaviours, UNIDIR co-organised a virtual conference with the Republic of Korea and the Secure World Foundation to foster dialogue towards a common understanding on responsible behaviours within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The conference gathered diverse stakeholders from industry, government, civil society, and academia, and was convened under Chatham House Rule. This document summarises key discussions and takeaways of six panels from the conference. September 1, 2022. UNIDIR (Advancing Space Security Through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviour? Webinar Summary Report)
  • The job quality effects of new digital technologies in Europe, using the framework of seven job quality ‘domains’: pay, working time quality, prospects, skills and discretion, work intensity, social environment and physical environment. The theoretical effects from new technology are ambivalent for all domains. Data on robot shocks matched to the European Working Conditions Surveys for 2010 and 2015 is used to generate empirical estimates, which show significant aggregate negative effects in three domains, and a positive effect in one. September 22. 2022. Janine Berg, Francis Green, Laura Nurski, David Spencer for Bruegel (Risks to job quality from digital technologies: are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge?)
  • France’s President Emmanuel Macron and Germany’s Chancellor Olaf Scholz have stressed the geopolitical emergency of re-designing the European Union’s relationship with its neighbourhood. Both acknowledge that EU enlargement is necessary, but also emphasise that profound EU institutional reform is required beforehand, though deepening and widening the EU are complex processes that veto players could block. September 22, 2022. Franz Mayer, Jean Pisani-Ferry, Daniela Schwarzer, Shahin Vallée, Bruegel (Enlarging and deepening: giving substance to the European Political Community)
  • Last September 1, BOTAS, Turkey’s state-owned natural gas utility, delivered bad news to customers. It hiked up prices by 20.4 percent for households, 47.6 percent for small- and medium-size enterprises, and 50.8 percent for industrial consumers. September 23, 2022. Dimitar Bechev for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Gas Attack)

TOPICS

WORLDS

  • (Africa – Europe) September 12, 2022. Karim Karaki and Pamella Eunice Ahairwe, ECDPM. Health systems in Africa are overdependent on international markets. Africa imports more than 90% of the pharmaceutical products and 99% of the vaccines. While it is costly for individual countries to manufacture pharmaceutical products, adopting a regional approach could help solve this problem. Regional manufacturing hubs can benefit from economies of scale and exploit the potential opportunities that African Continental Free Trade Area and the regional economic communities provide. Operationalising pharma manufacturing hubs in Africa: Policy options for the EU
  • (Chile) September 23, 2022. OECD. Chile has achieved an impressive recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, but the pandemic has hampered past progress in reducing poverty and social disparities. Chile: Improve productivity, social protection and boost revenues for a sustainable recovery, says OECD
  • (Europe) September 19, 2022. Alexei Jones and Katja Sergejeff, ECDPM. We look at the state of play of the Team Europe Initiatives (TEIs) and how the EU is addressing some of the key conceptual and operational aspects. The Team Europe approach and initiatives have undeniably gained traction and political buy-in. In an era of increased geopolitical competition, from the start, there has been a strong consensus on the need for the EU’s development cooperation to be more visible and have more impact. But the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and beyond the positive dynamic created by Team Europe and TEIs there is now the need to move from words to deeds, especially as TEIs will also be the main channel for delivering on the promises of the Global Gateway. Half-time analysis: How is Team Europe doing?
  • (Europe) September 19, 2022. Chloe Teevan, ECDPM. The EU hopes to strengthen its global role in digital affairs. This was apparent in the July 2022 Council Conclusions on digital diplomacy, where member states called for “a more visible, influential and coordinated Digital Diplomacy, making use of all relevant EU tools”. Yet, building a stronger European digital footprint will require the EU institutions to develop a coherent approach between internal and external digital policy, and member states to embrace a more comprehensive approach to digital in external action. Digital diplomacy and the EU’s quest for digital geopolitical relevance
  • (Europe) September 22, 2022. Zsolt Darvas, Catarina Martins, Bruegel. In July 2022, by the time the European Central Bank (ECB) lifted its deposit rate from negative to zero, headline inflation in the euro area had reached 8.9%. Irrespective of the drivers of inflation – a temporary supply shock or lasting demand shock – it is shocking that a central bank with a price stability mandate keeps its main interest rate negative while inflation accelerates that much. Tackling inflation: learning from the European Central Bank’s six lapses
  • (Hamas) September 25, 2022. Arwa Ibrahim, Al  Jazeera. As Turkey and more Arab countries restore ties with Israel, Hamas is left with fewer allies in the region, say analysts. Iranian support vital for Hamas after ties restored with Syria
  • (Horn of Africa) September 21, 2022. Martine Zeuthen, ICCT. In September exactly nine years ago today, the al-Qaeda affiliated group al-Shabaab committed one of the worst terror attacks in Kenya’s recent history in the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi in which 67 persons were killed, and over 150 injured. For anyone living in Kenya at the time, the attack has left scars and harrowing memories of the days and aftermath of the attack. The attack was later referenced to as a siege as it took four days for the security personnel to secure the visitors present in the mall and pacify the attackers. A New Phase in the Fight against al-Shabaab in the Horn of Africa
  • (India – Turkey) September 25, 2022. Anil Trigunayat, CNBC. Overlooking the mistrust especially when the writing on the wall is yet to fade, is a difficult proposition. But then the rooting principle of international discourse and diplomacy is that there are no permanent friends or enemies but only national interests. This also implies that having a transactional exchange, to begin with is desirable to break the ice for good before we move to a higher orbit in the collaborative matrix. This is also evident in the recent highest-level interactions among Indian and Turkish leaders. View: Turkey-India Relations And The Need For A Calculated Outreach
  • (Iran) September 21, 2022. September 21, 2022. Saeid Golkar, Kasra Aarabi, Middle East Institute. Amid the ongoing circus over efforts to revive the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, two rumors have started to gain traction inside and outside Iran: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is on his deathbed and preparations are being made for his son, Mojtaba, to succeed him. Why Khamenei is unlikely to pick his son to succeed him as Iran’s supreme leader
  • (Iran) September 25, 2022. Maziar Motamedi, Al Jazeera. The calls to gather have been coming through announcements and mass text messages. But with international attention on the protests that have rocked Iran following the death of a woman in the custody of the country’s “morality police”, the mass gatherings called for in the messages have been to show support, not opposition, to the Iranian government. Iran’s pro-government counter-protesters try to change narrative
  • (Iran) September 25, 2022. Reuters. Iran summoned the British and Norwegian ambassadors over what it said was interference and hostile media coverage of nationwide unrest triggered by the death of a woman detained by morality police, the semi-official ISNA news agency said on Sunday. Iran summons UK and Norwegian envoys as unrest persists
  • (Iran) September 25, 2022. Al Jazeera. Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi has pledged to deal “decisively” with the protests that have swept the country since the death of a woman who was detained by Iranian morality police. Iran vows ‘decisive action’ as Mahsa Amini protests continue
  • (Iran – Islamic State-Khorasan Province) September 23, 2022. Fatemeh Aman, Middle East Institute. As the security situation in Afghanistan deteriorates and the Taliban seem incapable of defeating Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISKP) and protecting religious minorities, Tehran is alarmed about the potential outbreak of a civil war next door and the chances that such a conflict might spill over into Iran. Under these circumstances, Iran may look for more effective means of countering ISKP. Will Iran turn to al-Qaeda to combat Islamic State?
  • (Japan – China) September 25, 2022. Xinhua. Japan and China should consolidate mutual trust, adhere to mutual benefit, and seek common ground while reserving differences, which represents the mainstream of Japan-China relations, former Japanese Foreign Minister Makiko Tanaka told Xinhua in a recent interview. Interview: Mutual trust, mutual benefit should be mainstream of Japan-China relations — former Japanese FM
  • (Lebanon) September 25, 2022. and , Reuters. In the city from which Lebanon’s richest politicians hail, the poorest residents once again mourn their dead. Poverty in Lebanon’s ‘city of billionaires’ drives deadly migration
  • (Maghreb – South Korea) September 12, 2022. Abdallah Saaf, Center for the New South. Les responsables des États du Maghreb aimaient donner en exemple l’expérience de la Corée du Sud : ils semblaient signifier que grâce à ses périodes autoritaires elle a pu accéder au développement économique, voire à la puissance économique et, du coup, à la démocratie. La Corée du Sud a développé sa présence économique mais aussi politique et culturelle dans les pays de la région maghrébine à partir de plusieurs entrées : les relations avec l’ensemble de la région arabe, les relations avec le continent africain, et les relations bilatérales d’État à État. Par rapport à d’autres puissances présentes dans la région (l’Union européenne, les États-Unis, la Russie, le Japon, l’Inde, la Chine…), la Corée du Sud s’est aménagée au Maghreb une place non seulement significative mais aussi originale. La Corée du Sud et le Maghreb
  • (Morocco) September 20, 2022. Touhami Abdelkhalek, Dorothee Boccanfuso, Policy Center for the New South. Dans ce Papier, nous évaluons, d’une part, l’impact de la pandémie et des mesures compensatoires prises par le gouvernement pour atténuer l’incidence de la crise sanitaire et, d’autre part, de la généralisation des allocations familiales sur la pauvreté monétaire et la vulnérabilité de la population marocaine, notamment des enfants. Généralisation des allocations familiales et impact sur la pauvreté et la vulnérabilité monétaires des enfants en période Post-Covid au Maroc
  • (Morocco) September 15, 2022. Larabi Jaïdi, Policy Center for The New South. Le dialogue social est à la croisée des chemins. Le deuxième round du dialogue social va être lancé aujourd’hui. À l’ordre du jour, la négociation sur des dossiers en instance depuis de longues années (le droit de grève, la représentation des syndicats, le code du travail, les libertés syndicales,…). Mais la grande question qui figure dans l’agenda des parties prenantes est bien celle de l’institutionnalisation des mécanismes d’un dialogue pérenne et efficace, en plus de celle de son affirmation comme force motrice de la modernisation de l’économie et de la rénovation en profondeur du « modèle social » marocain. Le dialogue social : une rénovation en perspective ?
  • (Morocco) September 9, 2022. Francis Perrin, Policy Center for the New South. Au cours des dernières années, les découvertes d’hydrocarbures au Maroc ont été plutôt gazières que pétrolières. De plus, ces découvertes sont en général de petite taille. La plus intéressante de ces découvertes à ce jour est Anchois, qui est située sur le permis marin de Lixus Offshore au large de la ville de Larache. Ce permis est détenu depuis 2019 par Chariot Limited (75 %), une entreprise basée à Guernesey, et par l’Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines (Onhym – 25 %), la société nationale du Maroc. Chariot est l’opérateur de Lixus, dont la superficie est de 1 794 km². Perspectives gazières du Maroc : où en est le projet ‘’Anchois’’ ?
  • (Nigeria) September 19, 2022. Adedeji Adeniran, Thelma Obiakor, CSEA. COVID-19 has compounded a long-standing learning crisis in many African countries, where millions of children were already out of school before the pandemic. Five ways to build resilience in Nigeria’s education system
  • (Nigeria) September 16, 2022. CSEA. Nigeria is the economic powerhouse of Africa. As the largest economy of the continent at US$ 440,777 (in 2021, using the World Bank’s atlas method for calculations) and the most populous country at 211 million (in 2021), it has a significant potential and critical role to play in economic revival of the entire continent. Undoubtedly, Nigeria can provide an added momentum to the process, with its growing middle class, expanding labour force and market opportunities. Building socio-economic resilience in Nigeria by fostering productive capacities
  • (North Korea) September 25, 2022. Reuters. North Korea fired a ballistic missile towards the sea off its east coast on Sunday, ahead of planned military drills by South Korean and U.S. forces involving an aircraft carrier and a visit to the region by U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris. North Korea fires ballistic missile ahead of U.S. VP Harris visit
  • (OPEC+) September 22, 2022. Nikolay Kozhanov, Middle East Institute. The continued instability in the global oil market will not only strengthen the unity between the key OPEC+ players but also force them to focus primarily on ensuring their own interests, before taking those of their consumers into consideration. OPEC+: Neither with the West, nor with the East
  • (Pakistan) September 22, 2022. Hannan R. Hussain, Middle East Institute. Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif recently warned that his country needs “an infinite amount of funding” to support flood relief efforts. Torrential rains and heavy flooding have killed more than 1,550 people and displaced millions. Compounding the challenge are Pakistan’s intensifying food and health crises, as flood-borne diseases surge and nearly two-thirds of the country’s food basket has been destroyed. Catastrophic floods: Understanding the gravity of Pakistan’s health and food crises
  • (Russia – Ukraine) September 25, 2022. Al Jazeera. Dozens of pro-Ukrainian demonstrators gathered in Turkey’s largest city Istanbul to mark seven months of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.  Pro-Ukraine protest in Istanbul marks seventh month of war
  • (Russia – Ukraine) September 24, 2022. Karolina Hird, George Barros, and Frederick W. Kagan, ISW. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s declarations about which categories of Russian males will be exempted from partial mobilization may not reflect Russian President Vladimir Putin’s intentions or orders. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 24
  • (Senegal – Mali) September 5, 2022. Bruce Byiers and Poorva Karkare, EDCPM. Trade and transport corridors are increasingly cited as a means to implement the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and are at the centre of the EU’s recently launched Global Gateway strategy for Africa. This paper looks in particular at the Dakar-Bamako corridor that connects Senegal and Mali. Until recently it accounted for 80% of Malian trade and the second highest traffic density in the region. Actors and interests along the Dakar-Bamako corridor
  • (Somalia) September 25, 2022. Al Jazeera. At least six others wounded in the attack on a military base near the capital, Mogadishu. One killed in suicide bombing in Somalia capital
  • (Somalia) September 8, 2022. Somali Public Agenda. Religious actors play an important role in Somalia’s political landscape. Since the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, they have also demonstrated strong staying power when many non-religious actors have come and departed all too quickly. For  many Somalis, this has made them important institutions in Somali society. Despite this, the role of Somali religious actors is often poorly understood. The Role of Religious Actors in Contemporary Somali Politics: Key Dynamics and Opportunities for Engagement
  • (Sri Lanka) September 25, 2022. Al Jazeera. Police in Colombo fired tear gas and water cannon to disperse protesters demanding the release of activists. Photos: Sri Lankan police fire tear gas to disperse protesters
  • (Sweden) September 25, 2022. Leila Nezirevic, Anadolu Agency. Half a million Swedes may have to move out of their homes because of an announcement by the central bank that it will increase interest rates, according to a leading Swedish survey. 500,000 Swedish homeowners may be forced to move as central bank announces doubling of interest rates
  • (Türkiye – Greece) September 25, 2022. Sarp Ozer, Anadolu Agency. Turkish army drones record Greek landing ships carrying military vehicles donated by US to islands with non-military status. Footage shows Greece’s unlawful deployment of armored vehicles on Aegean islands
  • (Ukraine – Israel) September 25, 2022. Reuters. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said he was “in shock” at Israel’s failure to give Kyiv anti-missile systems to help counter Russian attacks, according to an interview made public on Saturday. Zelenskiy says he is shocked by Israel’s failure to give Ukraine weapons
  • (USA) September 19, 2022. US Climate Alliance. The bipartisan U.S. Climate Alliance released its annual report, Full Speed Ahead: States Delivering the Next Generation of Climate Action, which finds that its 24 states and territories – representing 58% of the U.S. economy and 54% of the U.S. population – are tackling climate change while achieving lower levels of harmful local air pollution, delivering more energy savings to homes and businesses, employing more clean energy workers, preparing more effectively for climate impacts and disasters, and generating a higher proportion of electricity from zero-carbon sources than the rest of the country.  US Climate Alliance 2022 Annual Report Finds Its States Pollute Less, Save More Energy, and Employ More Clean Energy Workers Than Rest of Country
  • (USA) September 12, 2022. Megan Rabbitt, United Nations Foundation. The United States just enacted the most ambitious climate legislation in the nation’s history. With the next UN Climate Change Conference (COP27) coming up in November, the Executive Director of the U.S. Climate Alliance, Casey Katims, spoke with journalist Mark Goldberg for an episode of his Global Dispatches podcast to unpack what this means for U.S. climate leadership and international climate diplomacy. Here are excerpts from their conversation. The Inflation Reduction Act and COP27: What the United States’ New Climate Legislation Means for International Climate Diplomacy
  • (USA) September 8, 2022. Kait Pendrak, Oneika Pryce, Krista Rasmussen, United Nations Foundation. At a historic summit in 2015, 193 countries agreed to develop a blueprint to transform the world and leave no one behind. Seven years after the landmark decision, the resulting Sustainable Development Goals — 17 targets to be achieved by 2030 to address economic, social, and environmental challenges — aren’t yet a household name in the U.S. But a recent survey shows that Americans largely agree that the Goals — and the promise they hold — are important to our communities, countries, and the world. What Do Americans Really Think About the SDGs?
  • (Yemen) September 23, 2022. Fatima Abo Alasrar, Middle East Institute. Sept. 21, 2022, marked the eighth anniversary of the Houthis’ takeover of Sana’a, Yemen’s capital, under the pretext of fighting corruption and poverty. But what initially was presented as a struggle against injustice ended up being nothing more than a power grab masquerading as a rebellion. Since 2014, most of northern Yemen has become isolated after the Houthis alienated their opponents and executed their one-time ally, former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, shattering trust in the possibility of future alliances with their movement. Throughout the war, the country has undergone a radical political, religious, and cultural makeover, partially overturning the Yemeni Republic and opening a new chapter as a theological state presided over by a religious leader, Abdul Malek al-Houthi. The Houthis’ war and Yemen’s future

 

 

Marco Emanuele
Marco Emanuele è appassionato di cultura della complessità, cultura della tecnologia e relazioni internazionali. Approfondisce il pensiero di Hannah Arendt, Edgar Morin, Raimon Panikkar. Marco ha insegnato Evoluzione della Democrazia e Totalitarismi, è l’editor di The Global Eye e scrive per The Science of Where Magazine. Marco Emanuele is passionate about complexity culture, technology culture and international relations. He delves into the thought of Hannah Arendt, Edgar Morin, Raimon Panikkar. He has taught Evolution of Democracy and Totalitarianisms. Marco is editor of The Global Eye and writes for The Science of Where Magazine.

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